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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, [1, 3] which borders Pakistan in the east and south, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the east with a small border, gained its independence on 8 August 1919 with the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 [2]. Afghanistan, which is an important geopolitical country, has been the focus of large migrations and has been subjected to many invasions. Afghanistan was occupied by Soviet forces in 1979 and by the United States in 2001. The current Constitution of Afghanistan, consisting of 12 chapters and 162 articles, was adopted on January 26, 2004, and the name of the state was included in the Constitution as the “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan” [3]. After the US withdrew from Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban took over the country. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is an Asian country that does not border the sea with an area of approximately 652,100 km² and a population of 33 million [1]. Its capital is Kabul and its other major cities are Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad (Image 1).

• Coastal or Coastal Zone (Arabic ﺳﺎﺣل, sāḥil, semi-arid Sahara are savannahs of tropical and subtropical grasslands and shrubs on the border or lands.
• The Sahel extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east; The lane continues as a 3862 km long strip with a width of several hundred kilometers to a thousand kilometers and covers an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers.
• Sahel; It is the name that defines the geography of the South of Africa's Sahara Belt, starting from Senegal, including Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan and even partially Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Eritrea.